thermal emf การใช้

• Precise measurements of this signal require an amplifier with low input offset voltage and with care taken to avoid thermal emfs from self-heating within the voltmeter itself.
• The errors can be minimized through proper design  by keeping all junctions at the same temperature, and by employing only metal pairings with low thermoelectric coefficients ( down to the external connectors and cables used; for example, a standard 4 mm plug / socket combination may have a coefficient of 1 ?V / 癈 compared to only 0.07 ?V / 癈 for a " low thermal EMF " grade plug / socket ).